小花蝽在不同植物上的种群密度

2010―2016年通过人工栽培小区试验，系统调查了33科152种植物上小花蝽复合种群发生动态。多年调查结果表明：除黄柴胡外，其余151种植物上均有小花蝽发生，但小花蝽的种群密度在不同调查年度的植物种类上差异较大。小花蝽种群发生密度最高的植物是蓝蓟，其次是芥菜、硫华菊、荞麦、紫花苜蓿、红麻、陆地棉等有大量蚜虫及开花周期较长的植物。本研究明确了农田生境中小花蝽发生密度较高的候选功能植物，为下一步利用植物多样性促进农田小花蝽种群的保育及控害功能提供科学依据。     

增密减氮对弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’产量和品质的影响

为实现弱筋小麦优质稳产,解决当前弱筋小麦存在品质稳定性差的问题。本试验以弱筋小麦‘宁麦13’为试材,结合方差分析等方法研究增密减氮对弱筋小麦的产量、群体质量指标以及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,在240 kg/hm²施氮水平条件下,随着密度的增加,小麦LAI、干物质积累量均呈先增加后下降的趋势,密度超过240×10⁴/hm²会导致LAI、干物质积累量、产量下降。在240×10⁴/hm²密度条件下,施氮量超过240 kg/hm²会导致小麦叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量下降。适当的增密减氮有利于提高弱筋小麦的优质稳产,而过量增密减氮则会导致小麦产量下降,品质不稳定。为实现产量和品质的最优化,生产上推荐采用种植密度为240×10⁴/hm²,施氮量为180 kg/hm²,氮肥运筹为7:1:2:0的栽培模式。     

基于感知和行为视角的校园滨水景观偏好研究 ——以福建农林大学观音湖为例

基于人群感知和行为视角,以福建农林大学观音湖为研究对象,通过拍照试验、访谈问卷、扫描观察收集数据,采用词频分析、照片分析、GIS技术分析,分析景观元素、景观感知以及驻留点、观景点、景点、视线廊道的空间特征,以获得游览者对滨水景观偏好特征,采用核密度分析,得到游客景观点的热点分布。结果表明,词频分析预测出游客关注湖区丰富的景观元素,以静态观赏和行进式观赏方式游览观音湖,舒适的湖区环境让游客感到心情愉悦、平静;空间角度,游览者的驻留点分布与观景点分布具有显著的一致性,表明优美的空间环境和良好的观景位置有利于游客驻留行为的产生;游览者对滨水景观的偏好是由“丰富性—功能性—特色性”三大属性特征相互协调、影响而形成的三维耦合结构模型。     

肉毒毒素重组抗原表达系统研究进展

肉毒中毒是肉毒杆菌引起的一种致死性的神经麻痹性疾病,应对内毒中毒的最有效方法是预防或疫苗接种,肉毒毒素Hc段是研制亚单位疫苗的首选.通过基因重组技术能够将肉毒毒素Hc片段在大肠杆菌或酵母表达系统中进行大规模表达.阐述了这2种表达载体在肉毒毒素亚单位疫苗的研制及发酵生产情况.     

中国农业面源污染排放的空间差异及其动态演变

以2003—2014年为研究时段,在测算农业面源污染排放强度的基础上,综合运用基尼系数和非参数估计方法,研究我国农业面源污染的空间差异及其动态演变,结果表明:1)我国农业面源污染排放总体下降,且表现出明显的空间差异,东部和中部地区的排放强度较高,西部和东北地区则相对较低。2)2003—2014年,中国农业面源污染排放强度的区域差异略微扩大,地区间差异是其总体差异的主要来源。3)核密度估计结果表明,中国农业面源污染排放总体差异表现为"下降-上升-下降"的波动变化趋势。4)马尔科夫链分析表明,中国农业面源污染在不同类型间的相互流动较为微弱,但从长期来看,存在向两极分化发展的趋势特征。     

The priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap of summer maize in the north of Huang-Huai-Hai region,China

Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土结构及双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响

为优化双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)覆土技术,以泥炭为覆土材料,研究泥炭覆土搅拌时间对覆土物理结构以及对双孢蘑菇产量和质量的影响。结果证实,随搅拌时间的延长,泥炭覆土充气孔隙度降低,容重增加。充气孔隙度与双孢蘑菇产量高度正相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度负相关;覆土容重与双孢蘑菇产量高度负相关,但是与双孢蘑菇子实体大小及商品菇率高度正相关。搅拌时间较短的覆土(5~20 min),双孢蘑菇总产量较高,且每潮菇产量更均匀,更有利于工厂化生产。搅拌时间较长的覆土(40~120 min),双孢蘑菇子实体较大,但是会降低双孢蘑菇的总产量以及影响每潮菇产量的均匀性。本试验条件下泥炭覆土最适搅拌时间为10 min,双孢蘑菇3潮菇总产量34.5 kg/m~2,商品菇产量27 kg/m~2。研究初步揭示覆土物理结构对双孢蘑菇产量及质量的影响,为优化覆土技术及筛选优质覆土材料提供参考。     

氮、磷添加对不同种植密度樟树幼苗碳储量及其分配的影响

【目的】对氮(N)、磷(P)添加条件下4种种植密度的樟树Cinnamomum camphora幼苗各器官碳(C)含量、储量和分配比例进行研究,以期为氮沉降和磷添加背景下森林碳储量分配格局的变化提供参考。【方法】以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥模拟氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)作为磷添加,设置4个水平:不加N和P(对照,CK),加N,加P,加N和P(N+P)。N、P及N+P每年的添加量分别为NH4Cl40 g·m-2、NaH_2PO_4·2H2O 20 g·m~(-2)和NH4Cl 40 g·m~(-2)+NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O 20 g·m~(-2);种植密度设置4个水平,即10、20、40和80株·m-2。【结果】各氮、磷添加和密度处理下幼苗的根、茎和枝的C含量基本上差异不显著,而添加N和N+P能够促使樟树幼苗叶的C含量上升。随着种植密度的增大,樟树幼苗叶片C含量表现出下降的趋势;N、P添加处理基本上能够促进幼苗单株C储量和单位面积C储量的增加;随着种植密度的增大,单株幼苗C储量呈现下降的趋势。【结论】樟树幼苗叶的单株C储量和单位面积C储量分配比例随着种植密度的增大逐渐减小。高密度种植有利于茎的分配比例增加。N+P添加处理对幼苗C储量的促进效果大于单一N或P添加处理。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析，为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个，统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明，全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05），MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20），（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地，旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09，RMSE=0.17，n=759），以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16，RMSE=1.24，n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低，呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系，可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。